Review of the literature
Foreign language teachers even from 2000 years ago were obsessed with the practical question that what the sources of learners errors in their production were. They wrote contrastive observations about students` native language and the language they were learning as early as the schools of the ancient world (Kelly, 1969).Then the idea of the influence of native language on the second language acquisition was inspired by Jesperson (1912), Palmer (1917) and especially Fries (1945) who “subscribed to the behaviorist analysis of lingusitic competence as a series of habits. Errors considered to be the result of transfer of L1 “habits” but the transfer of some habits are useful and some others harmful (Lado,1957).
Contrastive Analysis (CA) emerged and it was founded on the assumption that L2 learners will tend to transfer to their L2 utterances the formal fatures of L1 (James,1981) and he goes on saying that it only deals with “proaction”.Accordingly, learners, they state, are greatly influenced by their L1. If L1 and L2 match,learning will be facilitated and if they differ, learning will be impeded.In the first case, there is positive transfer and in the second, negative transfer.
The problem but starts with the notion of “transfer” itself. It has created vexing problems and turned to be a controversial notion. It means different things to different people. For Lado (1957) and Fries (1945) transfer is the imposition of native language information on an L2 utterance or sentence, but for Kellerman (1986) and Odlin (1989) it refers to cross-linguistic influence. Schachter (1983,1992) has considered all prior linguistic knowledge including the imperfect knowledge a learner may have of the L2 as transfer and even she claims that transfer is not a process (Gass,1996). Odlin (1989) after discussing the problematic nature of transfer, has brought some observation about what transfer is not and concluded that “Transfer is the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously (and perhaps imperfectly) acquiered”.And then he stresses that it is only a working definition And even recently, Pavlenko and Scott (2002) argued that transfer is not unidirectional but bidirectional and simultancous that is shown by paradigmatic and syntagmatic categories. It indicates that how much the notion is complex without any consensus.
According to their own assumption and in order to eradicat errors, contrastivve analysts compare and contrast L1 and L2 to find the similarities and differences and consequently prediet learner difficulty. In the words of Els et al. (1984)the processes of CA involve providing insights into similarities and differences between languages ; explaining and predieting problems in L2 learning and finally developing course materials for language teaching (Mirhassani, 2003). CA was successful in phonetics but because of its problems it is not practiced much, but it is still alive.
Evidence of analyses regarding Persian learners of English is scant. Strain (1968) has worked on a contrastive sketch of the Persian and English sound systems. Schachter (1974) examined the production of English relative clauses by Persian, Arabic, Chineses and Japanese students. She found that Chinese and Japanese produced far fewer relative clauses than did the Persian and Arabic students. Then she goes on saying that it was because of the differences between Chineses and Japanese on the one hand and English on the other. Schachter (1994) also did a study and considered presence of resumptive pronouns in the English interlanguage of persian speakers as transfer. But Samar (1998) did the same study and showed that it accounted for only 4% of the data and concluded that it is not transfer. Their findings were different because of their different sources of the data: the former took from grammar prescriptive books but Samar took the data from the real situations.
Some alternatives to CA also emerged like George’s mechanism of Cross Association (1972) and Newmark and Reibel’s Ignorant Hypothesis (1968) but with the emergence of Cognitivism and collapse of CA, the direction of the analysis reversed. CA gave way to EA and it starts from errors. As it is cited in Ellis (1994), it was not until the 1970s that EA became a recognised part of applied linguistics. Corder (1974) talks about the steps in EA research: Collection of a sample; Identification of errors; Description of errors; Explanation of errors; and Evaluation of errors.
Classification of errors is another controversial issue because the experts do not see eye to eye on it. Corder (1974), for instance, introduced a framework for describing errors according to their systematicity. Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982) provided a surface strategy taxonomy of errors; omissions; additions; misinformations; and misorderings. Taylor (1986) classified the sources of errors (psycholinguistics; sociolinguistic; epistemic; or in discourse). Dualy and Burt (1974) talked about different types of Goofs.
Despite its shortcomings, EA is still alive and in the recent studies there is no mention of any of the methodological problems involved in EA (Ellis, 1994). It has made a great contribution to SLA research. And some (e.g.Mirhassani, 2003) even believe that “CA with all its limitations is useful in teaching….”.
Wednesday, December 30, 2009
Sunday, December 13, 2009
S O P
Zari seyyedrezaie
10 Golshahr Avenue
Gorgan, Golestan Province
IRAN
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_z@yahoo.com
I am applying to the University of Tehran and I think accepting this application would definitely help me make up my mind about whether I want to pursue a career in academia.
I am zari seyyedrezaie, I was born in to a religious family. At the age of 18, I matriculated at the public university of zahedan. It has been a painful process but I said, " It is a beginning to produce results. During the years I studied, I seized the day and went to different institutes to prove myself worthily as a teacher. So I got a head of my classmates.
Having finished my education in BA, I made up my mind not to fritter my time away and do my best to achieve my goal as an MA student. For the time being I am an MA student in Science and Research Center. And I find any spare time to study or enjoy my life in order that I move my life for the better and try to focus on my interests ( Linguistics and Methodology).
Purpose of Study and Professional Plans
The boundless possibility of trying out and the instant knowledge of the outcome that stimulates one for further analysis of a rationale in question, is what I find most appealing about my interest in English language as my field. And now as an MA student in the field of teaching English as a foreign language, I adore graduating my study to refine my knowledge and skills in my areas of interest. I believe it will also serve to give direction to my goal as an English language professor. I intend to pursue my goal to be a PHD student in order to reach that goal.
Academic Background and Research interests
In my studies, I have benefited from my experiences that I have as an English teacher. For the time being, I have decided to concentrate on my interests ( linguistics and Methodology).
I'm attempting to evolve a technique for increasing my knowledge that lend me a hand to attain things which I have heart set on. The ongoing work has introduced me to a vast body of pertinent research about my interests by studying different books and by using different sites for increasing my knowledge.
One person 's life influences the lives of an unbelievable number of people, One of the most important lessons I learned, was my research about linguistics and methodology. Becoming the best researcher of linguistics and methodology and the only one to have served for a period of 6 months eventually turned out to be a confidence booster. Not all of my studies were devoid of shortcomings, I learned to accept both criticism and praise with a positive frame of mind. In the pursuit of happiness, I do my best not to fritter my time away, and I feel would stand in good stead in the future, especially in lieu of any teaching experience.
In conclusion, I would like to add that the essence of university education lies in the synergetic relationship between the student and his department. I feel that graduate study at the university of Zahedan will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major step towards achieving my objectives.
10 Golshahr Avenue
Gorgan, Golestan Province
IRAN
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_z@yahoo.com
I am applying to the University of Tehran and I think accepting this application would definitely help me make up my mind about whether I want to pursue a career in academia.
I am zari seyyedrezaie, I was born in to a religious family. At the age of 18, I matriculated at the public university of zahedan. It has been a painful process but I said, " It is a beginning to produce results. During the years I studied, I seized the day and went to different institutes to prove myself worthily as a teacher. So I got a head of my classmates.
Having finished my education in BA, I made up my mind not to fritter my time away and do my best to achieve my goal as an MA student. For the time being I am an MA student in Science and Research Center. And I find any spare time to study or enjoy my life in order that I move my life for the better and try to focus on my interests ( Linguistics and Methodology).
Purpose of Study and Professional Plans
The boundless possibility of trying out and the instant knowledge of the outcome that stimulates one for further analysis of a rationale in question, is what I find most appealing about my interest in English language as my field. And now as an MA student in the field of teaching English as a foreign language, I adore graduating my study to refine my knowledge and skills in my areas of interest. I believe it will also serve to give direction to my goal as an English language professor. I intend to pursue my goal to be a PHD student in order to reach that goal.
Academic Background and Research interests
In my studies, I have benefited from my experiences that I have as an English teacher. For the time being, I have decided to concentrate on my interests ( linguistics and Methodology).
I'm attempting to evolve a technique for increasing my knowledge that lend me a hand to attain things which I have heart set on. The ongoing work has introduced me to a vast body of pertinent research about my interests by studying different books and by using different sites for increasing my knowledge.
One person 's life influences the lives of an unbelievable number of people, One of the most important lessons I learned, was my research about linguistics and methodology. Becoming the best researcher of linguistics and methodology and the only one to have served for a period of 6 months eventually turned out to be a confidence booster. Not all of my studies were devoid of shortcomings, I learned to accept both criticism and praise with a positive frame of mind. In the pursuit of happiness, I do my best not to fritter my time away, and I feel would stand in good stead in the future, especially in lieu of any teaching experience.
In conclusion, I would like to add that the essence of university education lies in the synergetic relationship between the student and his department. I feel that graduate study at the university of Zahedan will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major step towards achieving my objectives.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
it's high time men ceased to regard women as second-class citizens
This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but for centuries, the differences between men and women were socially defined and distorted through a lens of sexism in which men assumed superiority over women and maintained it through domination. Women, in general, have suffered all sorts of discrimination and have been treated poorly by virtually every society around the world for as long as history has been recorded. Of course not every woman feels herself to be hard done by. But a lot do. All sorts of theories have been suggested as to why this has been the case, from child rearing to division of labor to dominant genes. And now by vindication of the Rights of Women one can better understand the theory of " the glass ceiling" and how women have endured the suppression of their persuasion by their male counterpart. And now women have gone above and beyond what society expects of them and to "come into their own" as not only women, but as humans. In a vindication of Rights of women, women endure struggles because of stereotypes that have been placed on them by society particularly with regard to: maternity, women and work, and the egalitarian tendencies of men.
Women are born with maternal instincts and desires, however men and women alike tend to align all women with maternity. Women define themselves by other means. The duties of child rearing should not be the primary responsibility of the woman. And the society maintains certain expectations of women to have children, and raise them while the male remains the bread winner. But the woman 's role as a care giver and a mother are not the sole reason for her existence. So they are by far better than men in any job you think. As politicians, soldiers, doctors, farmers, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. So they like to get the head of men in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.
Vindication goes on to contend that women are not treated equally and thus face far more obstruction to excellence in the work place. They are blighted by social exclusion. Men do so by paying women considerably lower salaries than men, Placing more stringent requirement on women for upper level positions, and the age old problem of sexual harassment. It is of great importance to observe that the character of every man is in some degree, formed by his profession has something to do with the oppression of woman in the work force. Men have an innate feeling of superiority over women which does not cease, many men find themselves intimidated by women who are in authority over them. The women must exercise their mind and pursue knowledge. The women should study medicines, human anatomy, politics, history, business and fine arts. This would enable women to live independent of men, and free women from relying on marriage as a primary source of their livelihood. For example, the women do far more due diligence when they receive a job offer than men do, because women need to ensure that the company is good for women and that they won't be treated as token females. For example, in the process of due diligence, star women learn a lot of valuable information about the company that helps them make good strategic decisions. They scrutinize prospective employers on receptivity to women, managerial support, latitude and flexibility, and performance measurement. There is no downside to that strategy, it is one that men could benefit from just as well.
As aforementioned men maintain that women are second class citizens of sorts. The egalitarian tendencies of the male persuasions are not solely the result of their own mentality. The women are instilled with ineradicable ideas at early ages. The women are blamed in some instances for endorsement of this mentality. Women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, outward obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man; and should they be beautiful, everything else is needless, for at least twenty years of their lives. Women and men alike are taught to view females as docile and sweet, not at all the equivalent of a man. The women behave in such a manner that men draw conclusions about them accordingly. With a woman doting on his every word what man would expect that he should ever be required to "match wits" with her? In short the behavior of females only enforces the egalitarian thoughts of men toward women.
By examining a vindication of the rights of women, the problems women face in the society almost are solved. Many women have become heads of households and it is taken for granted that men are realizing that they should not neglect them. This awakening has not reached its peak, but it will come. Either way, civil society will not stop.
Women are born with maternal instincts and desires, however men and women alike tend to align all women with maternity. Women define themselves by other means. The duties of child rearing should not be the primary responsibility of the woman. And the society maintains certain expectations of women to have children, and raise them while the male remains the bread winner. But the woman 's role as a care giver and a mother are not the sole reason for her existence. So they are by far better than men in any job you think. As politicians, soldiers, doctors, farmers, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. So they like to get the head of men in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.
Vindication goes on to contend that women are not treated equally and thus face far more obstruction to excellence in the work place. They are blighted by social exclusion. Men do so by paying women considerably lower salaries than men, Placing more stringent requirement on women for upper level positions, and the age old problem of sexual harassment. It is of great importance to observe that the character of every man is in some degree, formed by his profession has something to do with the oppression of woman in the work force. Men have an innate feeling of superiority over women which does not cease, many men find themselves intimidated by women who are in authority over them. The women must exercise their mind and pursue knowledge. The women should study medicines, human anatomy, politics, history, business and fine arts. This would enable women to live independent of men, and free women from relying on marriage as a primary source of their livelihood. For example, the women do far more due diligence when they receive a job offer than men do, because women need to ensure that the company is good for women and that they won't be treated as token females. For example, in the process of due diligence, star women learn a lot of valuable information about the company that helps them make good strategic decisions. They scrutinize prospective employers on receptivity to women, managerial support, latitude and flexibility, and performance measurement. There is no downside to that strategy, it is one that men could benefit from just as well.
As aforementioned men maintain that women are second class citizens of sorts. The egalitarian tendencies of the male persuasions are not solely the result of their own mentality. The women are instilled with ineradicable ideas at early ages. The women are blamed in some instances for endorsement of this mentality. Women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, outward obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man; and should they be beautiful, everything else is needless, for at least twenty years of their lives. Women and men alike are taught to view females as docile and sweet, not at all the equivalent of a man. The women behave in such a manner that men draw conclusions about them accordingly. With a woman doting on his every word what man would expect that he should ever be required to "match wits" with her? In short the behavior of females only enforces the egalitarian thoughts of men toward women.
By examining a vindication of the rights of women, the problems women face in the society almost are solved. Many women have become heads of households and it is taken for granted that men are realizing that they should not neglect them. This awakening has not reached its peak, but it will come. Either way, civil society will not stop.
proposal ' error analysis of Iranian English learners in the written production'
Introduction
Errors made by language learners in their production are so frequent that they have turned heads of so many specialists and language teachers especially who are at the front. More noticeably are the errors observed in learners writen production that are more eye-catching may be just because of non-transitory, let us say, permanent nature of writing . Even at upper –intermediate level, these errors do not disappear.
But from the five to six decades before, it has been seriously questioned that “what are the sources of these errors?” In an attempt to find an answer to this question, a lot of voices in disagreement have been arisen: some consider just learner’s native language as the source of errors (Contrastive Analysts), but some (Corder: 1975; Dulay and Burt: 1972) distinguish other possible sources.
The former consider errors as evil signs of failure, but latter consider them significant and signs of learning (Richards: 1971; Jain: 1974). Regarding the role of native language in a second language context, there is not any consensus. As Gass (1996) says it “ … has been debated for over 2000 years.” Some(Lado:1957)consider NL as the primary source of errors and accordingly give the utter role to NL (the first extreme).On the other extreme, Dulay and Burt (1974a) stand who give no role to NL. In Gass’words again, “In both cases, extreme positions were taken in that the native language was seen as having either a major or a minimal role in the learning on an L2.”
While Contrasive Analysts start from the comparison and contrast of two languages and then go to prediction of errors, after the collapse of CA by the emergence of cognitivism, EA reversed the direction (starting from errors) and obviously it can give us a more complete picture of L2 learning. More careful studies on these errors, actually, are essential and of great value to find the sources of these errors in the production of Iranian English learners.
In pursuit of this goal, in this paper that is actually an Error Analysis, I elaborate on the errors made by some 40 Iranian English learners at pre- intermediate level in their written production and then analyze them based upon taxonomy of errors introduced by Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982). An attempt is made to find all the errrors (grammatical and lexical) and mark them with codes to gauge the effect of each category and percentage of it. In the end, I will show how many errors are the results of native transfer and then contribution and percentage of each category in this regard will be presented statistically and discussed followingly.
Delimitations of the study:
in this study, only the production of the students is investigated.
Comprehention has been neglected.
Errors made by language learners in their production are so frequent that they have turned heads of so many specialists and language teachers especially who are at the front. More noticeably are the errors observed in learners writen production that are more eye-catching may be just because of non-transitory, let us say, permanent nature of writing . Even at upper –intermediate level, these errors do not disappear.
But from the five to six decades before, it has been seriously questioned that “what are the sources of these errors?” In an attempt to find an answer to this question, a lot of voices in disagreement have been arisen: some consider just learner’s native language as the source of errors (Contrastive Analysts), but some (Corder: 1975; Dulay and Burt: 1972) distinguish other possible sources.
The former consider errors as evil signs of failure, but latter consider them significant and signs of learning (Richards: 1971; Jain: 1974). Regarding the role of native language in a second language context, there is not any consensus. As Gass (1996) says it “ … has been debated for over 2000 years.” Some(Lado:1957)consider NL as the primary source of errors and accordingly give the utter role to NL (the first extreme).On the other extreme, Dulay and Burt (1974a) stand who give no role to NL. In Gass’words again, “In both cases, extreme positions were taken in that the native language was seen as having either a major or a minimal role in the learning on an L2.”
While Contrasive Analysts start from the comparison and contrast of two languages and then go to prediction of errors, after the collapse of CA by the emergence of cognitivism, EA reversed the direction (starting from errors) and obviously it can give us a more complete picture of L2 learning. More careful studies on these errors, actually, are essential and of great value to find the sources of these errors in the production of Iranian English learners.
In pursuit of this goal, in this paper that is actually an Error Analysis, I elaborate on the errors made by some 40 Iranian English learners at pre- intermediate level in their written production and then analyze them based upon taxonomy of errors introduced by Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982). An attempt is made to find all the errrors (grammatical and lexical) and mark them with codes to gauge the effect of each category and percentage of it. In the end, I will show how many errors are the results of native transfer and then contribution and percentage of each category in this regard will be presented statistically and discussed followingly.
Delimitations of the study:
in this study, only the production of the students is investigated.
Comprehention has been neglected.
vocabulary template
Collocation:
1. Enlightened age 2. Bitter struggle 3. Progressive society
4. Tired jokes 5. Enlightened place 6.Cool reasoning
Hyphenated words:
1. Second-class 2.hard-fought 3.second-rate 4.light-hearted
5. Light-hearted 6.factory-hand 7.bus-conducter 8.top-level
9. So-called
Nice vocabularies:
1. Cease 2.enjoy opportunities 3.hostile 4.tired jokes 5.conscientious
6.maniac 7.quibble 8.care 9.rear children 10.guard rights
11.preposterous 12.irrational 13.intuition 14.supermacy
15.inferiority 16.achieve peace
Phrasal verbs:
1.carry on 2.sneer at 3.go on 4.depond on 5.arrive at 6.beat at
7.put forward
Idiomatic-expression:
1. It’s high time + past tense of verb 2.win one’s independence
3.enjoy opportunities 4. day in, day out 5.feel for sb
6.bear out ( pp: borne out ) 7.put sb to shame 8.put sth forward
9.be left to sb 10.guard one’s right 11.arrive at one’s decision
12.shun competition
Nice sentences:
1. It’s by no means over.
2. The truth is that men cling to their supremacy.
3. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly.
4.some things are too important to be left to man.
1. Enlightened age 2. Bitter struggle 3. Progressive society
4. Tired jokes 5. Enlightened place 6.Cool reasoning
Hyphenated words:
1. Second-class 2.hard-fought 3.second-rate 4.light-hearted
5. Light-hearted 6.factory-hand 7.bus-conducter 8.top-level
9. So-called
Nice vocabularies:
1. Cease 2.enjoy opportunities 3.hostile 4.tired jokes 5.conscientious
6.maniac 7.quibble 8.care 9.rear children 10.guard rights
11.preposterous 12.irrational 13.intuition 14.supermacy
15.inferiority 16.achieve peace
Phrasal verbs:
1.carry on 2.sneer at 3.go on 4.depond on 5.arrive at 6.beat at
7.put forward
Idiomatic-expression:
1. It’s high time + past tense of verb 2.win one’s independence
3.enjoy opportunities 4. day in, day out 5.feel for sb
6.bear out ( pp: borne out ) 7.put sb to shame 8.put sth forward
9.be left to sb 10.guard one’s right 11.arrive at one’s decision
12.shun competition
Nice sentences:
1. It’s by no means over.
2. The truth is that men cling to their supremacy.
3. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly.
4.some things are too important to be left to man.
Saturday, November 7, 2009
The health care system
The governments should ensure that all citizens have access to essential and good quality health care regardless of their wealth.
I strongly agree with this opinion that the governments are responsible for people’s health care. They must do in such way because of taxes the governments receive, country’s wealth, and delicacy of the nation’s health.
Although nobody is excluded due to their personal circumstances, there are many people who are able to contribute significantly to their health care costs and they should be taking at least a certain degree of responsibility for it.
Without the majority of people in a society bearing a reasonable portion of their health expenses, the system can’t work long-term and ultimately nobody’s best interests will be served. Most particularly, those who are most vulnerable of all will suffer.
Of course, that is also the case when the government doesn’t take enough responsibility for the health care of its citizens and even ignores them altogether when they are in dire need. So there should be a balance with those who are able to afford private health insurance being required to cover themselves up to a point
Firstly, the most important thing that people need to be made aware of is where the government spends their taxes. In fact, one of the aims of these taxes is to give the people a high level of health care. So it’s their duty to give the people a good quality health care.
Secondly, the country’s wealth that are earned by selling the natural resources of the country must be spent on a high level of health care for each citizen instead of helping other countries and putting extra money in their pockets while there are a few well off people in the country that can really afford health care, life insurance.
Thirdly, in a society where only the rich having high level of health care because of their money and the poor receiving no level of health care, the health of the nation is delicate because many virulent diseases go unchecked and the diseases spread rapidly. As a virtue of it, the people die before their time.
Generally, I hold the view that it’s government’s task to look after everybody but some needing more help than others.
As you put it, running a nation’s health care system is undoubtedly very complex indeed and there is so much the government needs to take responsibility for doing on behalf of its entire people to make it work efficiently. But there is also necessary that those who are financially able, to take pressure off the public coffers.
It’s a good solution, if the government introduces new laws which do require people to take some responsibility for their own health care if they are in a position to do so. This means that citizen can all receive help from government with many essential services. And those who are most needy can receive a great level of assistance.
A decent, honorable nation will always make sure that its children, senior citizens, chronically sick and disabled individuals and those receiving a very low income aren’t neglected.
In a society with Islamic values, it is the responsibility of those who are privileged and fortunate enough to be able to care for themselves to subsidize those who aren’t so blessed. So we will see more cost effective, timely, life-extending health care system for most people in this society.
I strongly agree with this opinion that the governments are responsible for people’s health care. They must do in such way because of taxes the governments receive, country’s wealth, and delicacy of the nation’s health.
Although nobody is excluded due to their personal circumstances, there are many people who are able to contribute significantly to their health care costs and they should be taking at least a certain degree of responsibility for it.
Without the majority of people in a society bearing a reasonable portion of their health expenses, the system can’t work long-term and ultimately nobody’s best interests will be served. Most particularly, those who are most vulnerable of all will suffer.
Of course, that is also the case when the government doesn’t take enough responsibility for the health care of its citizens and even ignores them altogether when they are in dire need. So there should be a balance with those who are able to afford private health insurance being required to cover themselves up to a point
Firstly, the most important thing that people need to be made aware of is where the government spends their taxes. In fact, one of the aims of these taxes is to give the people a high level of health care. So it’s their duty to give the people a good quality health care.
Secondly, the country’s wealth that are earned by selling the natural resources of the country must be spent on a high level of health care for each citizen instead of helping other countries and putting extra money in their pockets while there are a few well off people in the country that can really afford health care, life insurance.
Thirdly, in a society where only the rich having high level of health care because of their money and the poor receiving no level of health care, the health of the nation is delicate because many virulent diseases go unchecked and the diseases spread rapidly. As a virtue of it, the people die before their time.
Generally, I hold the view that it’s government’s task to look after everybody but some needing more help than others.
As you put it, running a nation’s health care system is undoubtedly very complex indeed and there is so much the government needs to take responsibility for doing on behalf of its entire people to make it work efficiently. But there is also necessary that those who are financially able, to take pressure off the public coffers.
It’s a good solution, if the government introduces new laws which do require people to take some responsibility for their own health care if they are in a position to do so. This means that citizen can all receive help from government with many essential services. And those who are most needy can receive a great level of assistance.
A decent, honorable nation will always make sure that its children, senior citizens, chronically sick and disabled individuals and those receiving a very low income aren’t neglected.
In a society with Islamic values, it is the responsibility of those who are privileged and fortunate enough to be able to care for themselves to subsidize those who aren’t so blessed. So we will see more cost effective, timely, life-extending health care system for most people in this society.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
Internet
Access to information: information can significantly alter our political, social and economic perspectives. The right to access information can be interpreted within the legal from works that support freedom of information as it applies to information held by public bodies. Freedom of information does not guarantee access. Even if disclosure, put their information online, without a means to access that information, people would not be never empowered. Internet connectivity has become crucial to unhindered access to information. This is also true for accessing national or international news or even simply to provide a plurality of the media options. The presence of the internet because of the possibility it provides for youth to interact globally on issues of mutual interest, would eliminate national borders and geographical distance.
Although internet provides new possibilities for creativity, expression and provision of personal services, but it raises new dangers of exploitation of citizens.two essential concerns in this context are those of privacy and freedom of expression the increase in the use of technologies in business, government organizations, and communities of all kinds are also posing serious threats to our fundamental right privacy. In addition to our the risks associated with new economic activities(e.g. on-line banking), the anonymous nature of the internet may facilitate personal harassment, as well as impersonation by unauthorized use of someone of else's email address.
One key technical characteristic of the internet is that the presence of the internet causes citizens to come into direct contact with others unlike them, bypassing traditional mediating forces. By chatting with strangers in chat rooms and reading international newspapers online, we believe that we are learning about foreign cultures and perspectives directly from the sources.
A second key technical characteristic of the internet is that the prevailing public sentiment towards information and communication technologies is still that they will eliminate human divisions, eliminate material poverty, make unprofitable businesses profitable and computer-aided pace will overcome the barriers of language, geography , culture, history.
Because of these characteristics, early analysis of information technologies praised the internet as a" technology of freedom". In fact, the internet does provide ample opportunity places, and offers a means of interacting across, geographical expanses. And also freedom of information promotes a true sense of ownership within society and therefore gives meaning to the concept of citizenship.
Although internet provides new possibilities for creativity, expression and provision of personal services, but it raises new dangers of exploitation of citizens.two essential concerns in this context are those of privacy and freedom of expression the increase in the use of technologies in business, government organizations, and communities of all kinds are also posing serious threats to our fundamental right privacy. In addition to our the risks associated with new economic activities(e.g. on-line banking), the anonymous nature of the internet may facilitate personal harassment, as well as impersonation by unauthorized use of someone of else's email address.
One key technical characteristic of the internet is that the presence of the internet causes citizens to come into direct contact with others unlike them, bypassing traditional mediating forces. By chatting with strangers in chat rooms and reading international newspapers online, we believe that we are learning about foreign cultures and perspectives directly from the sources.
A second key technical characteristic of the internet is that the prevailing public sentiment towards information and communication technologies is still that they will eliminate human divisions, eliminate material poverty, make unprofitable businesses profitable and computer-aided pace will overcome the barriers of language, geography , culture, history.
Because of these characteristics, early analysis of information technologies praised the internet as a" technology of freedom". In fact, the internet does provide ample opportunity places, and offers a means of interacting across, geographical expanses. And also freedom of information promotes a true sense of ownership within society and therefore gives meaning to the concept of citizenship.
Friday, October 23, 2009
report
These two graphs generally present comparative information on the production of consumer goods, that of TV in production and percentage of import in Russia in the last decade.
The left graph shows the production of consumer goods from 1985 to 1994 and their conspicuous rising and falling.
The production of consumer goods stood at 100 million in 1985. After witnessing a slight decrease, it dealt with a steady rise since 1986 until it reaches its peak at approximately 125 million in 1990. But the production experiences a dramatically sharp fall to 1994 solely to 70 million in 1994.
The right graph depicts TV production and percentage of import simultaneously. The production of TV sets was nearly 90 million in 1991. Then it fell steadily except for a slight rise from 1992 to 1993. The import percentage started from 0% in 1991 with a steady rise to 4% in 1995 and it was on the rise without experiencing any fall.
The graph also shows both positive and negative relationship between TV production and import during the same span of life. At first, there was a negative relationship from 1991 to 1992, i.e. as the import increased, the production was falling. But to 1993, a positive relationship is observed. Since 1993 to 1995, there has been a negative relationship between the aforementioned variables
The left graph shows the production of consumer goods from 1985 to 1994 and their conspicuous rising and falling.
The production of consumer goods stood at 100 million in 1985. After witnessing a slight decrease, it dealt with a steady rise since 1986 until it reaches its peak at approximately 125 million in 1990. But the production experiences a dramatically sharp fall to 1994 solely to 70 million in 1994.
The right graph depicts TV production and percentage of import simultaneously. The production of TV sets was nearly 90 million in 1991. Then it fell steadily except for a slight rise from 1992 to 1993. The import percentage started from 0% in 1991 with a steady rise to 4% in 1995 and it was on the rise without experiencing any fall.
The graph also shows both positive and negative relationship between TV production and import during the same span of life. At first, there was a negative relationship from 1991 to 1992, i.e. as the import increased, the production was falling. But to 1993, a positive relationship is observed. Since 1993 to 1995, there has been a negative relationship between the aforementioned variables
Sunday, October 18, 2009
cv
Zari seyyedrezaie
10 Golshahr Avenue
Gorgan,Golestan Province
IRAN
Telephone: +989113773776
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_ z@yahoo.com
Education
Science and Research center University; Tehran; IRAN; An MA Student
ELT ( English language Teaching ) ( 2009- )
Sistan va baluchestan University; Zahedan; IRAN; BA
( English language and literature ) 2004-2008
Toktam High School; Gorgan; IRAN; Diploma
(Mathematics) 2000-2004
Awards
Top student both in Diploma and BA
Teaching Experiences
Sama High school; Gorgan Branch
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Hejab High school; Gorgan
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Sama English Language Institute; Aliabad Katool Branch
Headway Starter , Let’s go ( 2004-August 2009 )
Bahar kindergarten; Gorgan Tiny talk ( 2003-2004)
Presentation
“ Generation Gap” and “ social issues.” Zari Seyyedrezaie ; Zahedan ; The university of Sistan va Baluchestan
Activities
Teaching director of Sama English Language Institute ; Aliabad Katool Branch ( 2008- August 2009 )
Skills
Computer: Softwares, windows , word , Research
Language : Near fluency in written and spoken English
Reference:
Dr. Mahmoodzehi
English and Language literature Department ; Sistan and Baluchestan University; Zahedan ; IRAN
10 Golshahr Avenue
Gorgan,Golestan Province
IRAN
Telephone: +989113773776
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_ z@yahoo.com
Education
Science and Research center University; Tehran; IRAN; An MA Student
ELT ( English language Teaching ) ( 2009- )
Sistan va baluchestan University; Zahedan; IRAN; BA
( English language and literature ) 2004-2008
Toktam High School; Gorgan; IRAN; Diploma
(Mathematics) 2000-2004
Awards
Top student both in Diploma and BA
Teaching Experiences
Sama High school; Gorgan Branch
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Hejab High school; Gorgan
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Sama English Language Institute; Aliabad Katool Branch
Headway Starter , Let’s go ( 2004-August 2009 )
Bahar kindergarten; Gorgan Tiny talk ( 2003-2004)
Presentation
“ Generation Gap” and “ social issues.” Zari Seyyedrezaie ; Zahedan ; The university of Sistan va Baluchestan
Activities
Teaching director of Sama English Language Institute ; Aliabad Katool Branch ( 2008- August 2009 )
Skills
Computer: Softwares, windows , word , Research
Language : Near fluency in written and spoken English
Reference:
Dr. Mahmoodzehi
English and Language literature Department ; Sistan and Baluchestan University; Zahedan ; IRAN
resume
Personal particulars
Name: Zari Seyyedrezaie
Date of birth : 5 December 1985
Place of birth : Gorgan
Citizenship: Iran
Residency : Iran
Telephone : +989113773776
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_z@yahoo.com
Education
Science and Research center University; Tehran; IRAN; An MA Student
ELT ( English language Teaching ) ( 2009- )
Sistan va baluchestan University; Zahedan; IRAN; BA
( English language and literature ) 2004-2008
Toktam High School; Gorgan; IRAN; Diploma
(Mathematics) 2000-2004
Teaching Experience
Sama High school; Gorgan Branch
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Hejab High school; Gorgan
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Sama English Language Institute; Aliabad Katool Branch
Headway Starter , Let’s go ( 2004-August 2009 )
Bahar kindergarten; Gorgan
Tiny talk ( 2003-2004 )
Presentation
“Generation Gap” and “ social issues.” Zari seyyedrezaie ; Zahedan; The university of Sistan va Baluchestan.
Skills
Computer : Softwares , Word , Windows , Research
Language : Near fluency in Written and spoken English
Name: Zari Seyyedrezaie
Date of birth : 5 December 1985
Place of birth : Gorgan
Citizenship: Iran
Residency : Iran
Telephone : +989113773776
E-mail: Seyyedrezaie_z@yahoo.com
Education
Science and Research center University; Tehran; IRAN; An MA Student
ELT ( English language Teaching ) ( 2009- )
Sistan va baluchestan University; Zahedan; IRAN; BA
( English language and literature ) 2004-2008
Toktam High School; Gorgan; IRAN; Diploma
(Mathematics) 2000-2004
Teaching Experience
Sama High school; Gorgan Branch
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Hejab High school; Gorgan
Pre-university English course ( 2008-June 2009 )
Sama English Language Institute; Aliabad Katool Branch
Headway Starter , Let’s go ( 2004-August 2009 )
Bahar kindergarten; Gorgan
Tiny talk ( 2003-2004 )
Presentation
“Generation Gap” and “ social issues.” Zari seyyedrezaie ; Zahedan; The university of Sistan va Baluchestan.
Skills
Computer : Softwares , Word , Windows , Research
Language : Near fluency in Written and spoken English
Thursday, October 8, 2009
ABOUT
Zari Seyyedrezaie ( 1985- ), is an MA student in the field of teaching English as a foreign language at the University of Science and Research Center. She was born into a religious family. At the age of 18, she matriculated at the public university of Zahedan. It has been a painful process but she said, "It is a beginning to produce results." So she who left home in search of knowledge walked in the path of God. In the span of four years, she paid attention to human behavior and has had a diverse variety of friends to draw experiences from. During the years she studied, she seized the day and went to different institutes to prove herself worthily as a teacher. So she got a head of her classmates.
Having finished her education in BA, she finally found her road in life. It was to be an MA student. So she made up her mind in order not to fritter her time away and do her best to achieve her goal. AS a result of her decision, she put her shoulder to the wheel. Not only was she studying for the MA Examination, but (also) she found herself as an English teacher having chances to teach in different institutes, kindergartens and schools. Because she held the view that there is no shame in working and building experiences even if they aren't lucrative. By virtue of her endeavor, she passed the MA Examination. And she reckoned that her success was due to her close relation to the public. In the pursuit of happiness, she went to Tehran as an MA student.
For the time being, she finds any spare time to study or enjoy her life in order that she moves her life for the better.
She is a fan of movies and traditional music. Her interests lend her a hand to attain things which she has heart set on.
Now, she is more confident about her future to reach higher degrees. What is by far is of significance to mention here is nothing but keeping your youth well ;for, this pretty bird doesn’t remain in a bony structure.
Having finished her education in BA, she finally found her road in life. It was to be an MA student. So she made up her mind in order not to fritter her time away and do her best to achieve her goal. AS a result of her decision, she put her shoulder to the wheel. Not only was she studying for the MA Examination, but (also) she found herself as an English teacher having chances to teach in different institutes, kindergartens and schools. Because she held the view that there is no shame in working and building experiences even if they aren't lucrative. By virtue of her endeavor, she passed the MA Examination. And she reckoned that her success was due to her close relation to the public. In the pursuit of happiness, she went to Tehran as an MA student.
For the time being, she finds any spare time to study or enjoy her life in order that she moves her life for the better.
She is a fan of movies and traditional music. Her interests lend her a hand to attain things which she has heart set on.
Now, she is more confident about her future to reach higher degrees. What is by far is of significance to mention here is nothing but keeping your youth well ;for, this pretty bird doesn’t remain in a bony structure.
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